Creation and the research of Chinese architectural culture

Now, Chinese economy develops fast steadily, the "market"s of architectural design and city design are prosperous, very lively. Big and small contests are unceasing, and seemingly non international public bidding can't show " its specification " , influences place and some architectural offices on world come to the major city of China one after another to" snatch beach" , carry out " a tangled warfare "( say that it is tangled warfare, because happening inscribe , do not often happen via thorough feasibility study to mark , comment member organization hurried). Because of present Chinese architect new-born strength when Zhuo length, design organization is reshuffling , after not live in the temptation of large scale contest, therefore, can only enter the war passively, this makes one associate the condition that acting Chinese architectural office competes position in 1920 in the concession of the places such as Shanghai unavoidably, though passing the great development since half many centuries, in the past, can not be already mentioned in the same breath with today, but present Chinese architect front faces new round of strength disequilibrium even not fair competition is undoubtedly.The prosperous design contest in architectural market is seen superficially , is the competition of technology and economy , is also the competition of a kind of region culture actually. Generally speaking, requirement and the goals of economic competition and technology are relatively obvious, "index" is specific , and constructs cultural competition , design artistic ingenuity brew ponder than disaster, but it is very important. Now, the competitive strategic idea of general merchandise market has competed from product competitive change to intelligence, ask to grasp " key specialty", it is intelligent to possess the advantage that others has no. Have person to say that the competition of 21 century will depend on " cultural force" contest , for building, it is rather definite. Chinese architect should know homeland culture , can win the competition of this respect , but may not lift the example explanation of capital museum as this in fact. Should say that capital museum design is not general architectural design, it is cultural building , and builds the major avenue in the first historic and cultural city and center of Chinese culture, constructing think , should pursue more some cultural intensions and local cultural characteristics, fact makes one disappointed very much, since some contest-participating schemes include the scheme that wins the bid , we can not get this kind of impression. This is not isolated phenomenon , designs contest in National Grand Theater, manage person because of holding quite as well as Chinese some colleague members drive up , that architect professes " treat the traditional most easy to do law for is it forces dangerous condition ", today examination sees place" Europe land wind" building spring up , compete please everywhere disregarding condition to" be foreign" architect comes to here to make famous brand , even have to recover to develop recover strong tendency . . . . . ., various phenomenon has reflected we construct culture for China to lack should have self-confidence.Zhejiang Shao mood is a scale is not large , network of waterways is crossing , preserve also considerable complete historic and cultural city, divide yard with Suzhou to resist courtesy , parting is the more culture and Wu cultural representative, as Shao mood carries out overall protection easily, even under certain condition applicant kind of cultural heritage, may policymaker can't restrain "loneliness" deliberately to follow the fashion , center blooms , takes apart to alter , builds big Gao Lou, big square and big meadow , and lays two groups of nondescript huge modern age to construct , recently, I revisit a place , lament endlessly. Is this kind of experience been far more than aly? When " 3 surfaces lotus one side willow, the mountain color half city lake of Yi city " Jinan clear lake, in now, can only see , in lake because lakeside Gao Lou rises from all around that incomplete mountain leaves water, have lost in the past smoke wave great Miao poem feelings drawing Yi. Now, Chinese urbanization has entered to accelerate stage , is in the climax of big construction , " this kind of constructive damage " already from time to time occur, Beijing upraises De dangerous room transformation from the later stage of 1980 decade , has reformed some dangerous old rooms really, but take apart do not stop , now, have taken apart the city region of city center of essential part of historical protective section from old city edge , carve beam soon to draw the house of and green shady full courtyard , make the land level overnight , can't help for it dim supernatural wound.Above-mentioned at two o'clock crisis the phenomenon of absolutely not isolating , though condition is intricate, its common point may sum up is for traditional architectural cultural value is close and ignorant and waste , as well as for western architectural culture worship blindly, and essentially, it is the globalization claimed( not is genuine ) the reflection with region cultural intense collision.Globalization is one yet when the subject of dispute, along with the arrival of the development of science and technology and the progressive, global economic integration of traffic medium, from positive meaning, its economic aspect may promote cultural exchange to region cultural development with new content, new enlighten and new opportunity; The communication of region cultural and world culture may be also contributed for world cultural development , links America to squeeze in Miao Er , Heng Ting pause also says: " on future world, will not arise a unitary general lifetime culture , but is the cultural and civilized mutual coexistence that will have a lot of differences , , , in human history, global politics has become multipolar for the first time and the . . . . . . of many cultures ". But in fact, the development of globalization and the culture of site and economy come apart increasingly , are faced with to sweep the winner that comes tendency culture, is in the region culture of " disadvantageous " if the vigour of lack intrinsic, no definite development direction and diligent consciousness have no conscious protection and development , will look passive, may lose competitiveness and the creativity of self, flood in in world the spring tide of " culture tends to with ". The Chinese culture that is of long standing can not be disadvantageous culture certainly, but since in last 100 years, Chinese political, economic, social development is slow, science and technology are backward, it is former that architectural science develops long-term stagnation, though when 1920 generations emerge for modern age architectural pioneer person, effort introduces western building unremittingly, arrange Chinese legacy , found name to do , merit cannot sink , after but 1950 decade, because of the domestic political influence of economic atmosphere, for world building, ideological development lacks overall understanding, even is still controling for out of date academic ideological etc., if for world type building and modern architectural fist clothes Ying. The school of modern shape color breaks off day cover land come , it is confused to construct the market polishing strange land Chinese architect hard to avoid dim eyesight that is away from and makes not to ripen somewhat; At the same time, since for self homeland culture again often lacks deep merit force, there is even not correct prejudice, therefore though Chinese culture is of long standing , is broad and profound , faces global strong tendency culture, we still look top-heavy one o'clock , have no clue.Lose some architectural basic criterions , ignore Chinese culture , disregard development and the inheritance of historical writing pulse, abandonment is for the exploration of Chinese historical cultural intension , is a kind of misunderstanding obviously and is confused. Successful architect is not to stickle to the cage of the modern building of international type always , the Shanghai golden trade mansion of American architect office design is a proof. Unfortunately, ourselves architect troops knows for Chinese culture to be not enough , it is not deep to dig into.Urban civility and culture are always that scholars advocate. Is in 1940 decade , American commentator , the scholar in the historical bodies such as humanity social many field works Mang the virtue of good fortune( L. Mumford) in view of the fact that capitalist social city spring up with the social phenomenon at that time, have written " city culture"( The Culture of Cities) one after book, Yi just as do not let , it is " the city in history" to again develop further( Cities in History), get the attention of international, domestic academic circle. In last end of the century, British city studies domestic Huo Er( P. Hall ) after writing " the city of tomorrow"( Cities of Tomorrow), again write "urban civility"( Cities in Civilization) , select the 21 cities in the western civilized history of 2500 years further , comment it carefully to develop source and course and the cultural characteristic of urban construction , point out that city has the unique expression of 4 aspects in municipal innovation: The creation of city development and cultural art, technical progress, the combination of culture and technology, seek answer according to realistic existent problem. He points out that there is the phenomenon " city gold times" of very much being rarely in city development history, this special window has at the same time illuminated world internal and external, such as Athens of former A.D. 5 century, Buddha Luo Lun Sa of 14 century, London of 16 century, Vienna of 18-19 century, the Paris etc. of the end of 19 century, clear evidently. Why does it form in specific city , and show its creativity suddenly in specific period? Why the flower of this kind of spirit in historical long river momentary pass , general around 10 few years and 20 years, as if it comes hurriedly , are you also past? Why can few city have more than a gold times? Why are you hard to again catch and create the spark of this wisdom? When this we can not make abstract statement for the city been concerned with by this monumental work, may not agree completely for the viewpoint in book that just, author states , this book does not attempt to explain everything, the China for 5000 years culture etc. have not been concerned with , this thinks deeply since another angle makes us own cultural history and city history, what is the city times of Chinese gold? As Tang Chang An , Luo sun, Bei-Song-Bian-Liang and south Song Hangzhou and Yuan mostly so that the general condition scholars general interests such as clear clear Beijing know , may we discover what from it again? ( say here, I regret very much the own forest of same year emblem has a chat because of Mr with me on sickbed Bian beam time, I could not 11 records come down. ) we not definitely reach same conclusion like Huo Er, but there are the splendor with momentary heyday certainly in these cities, its development law wait we excavate and expound.In fact, the Chinese city of today no matter coastal is still large-scale for inland to be in in construction climax, in other words, have entered the gold times of city; And see according to the author, what is different with western possibility is that China may have some cities to at the same time mould their gold times. Under this case, the crucial construction guiding principle of how to see that we are total in national or responsible department guidance take off, size up the situation , use technical progress in time according to local condition, according to own peculiar problem , solve creatively. Every city if the history of studying self really further culture, the favorable condition of catching current development and summarizing its historical experience is creatively established to develop strategy, do not lose opportunity land transfer various condition to include cultural advantage , it must be had bright prospects that etc. and city develop. Recently, Suzhou convenes " Wu cultural and modern forum ", seminar quite has creative idea , collects research subject for the first time openly to social open public bidding , manages seminar as process , has facilitated construction social atmosphere and carry on research results move mutual; I glance over the collected works of this forum approximately, feeling it to our inspiration return not only when as Wu the very culture historical development( since Wu the more culture goes to 6 dynasties and the following south bank of Long River cultural etc.), still lie in to pass as Wu the new knowledge of cultural value, will Wu theme of cultural research has pushed from history to is modern. After the Opium War, Shanghai opens up concession," sea style culture" spring up , at least, make the culture of south bank of Long River of our country push the development that again influences the culture of south bank of Long River conversely to a new historical stage, so far, Shanghai and the development of the Yangtze River delta still have huge vigour. Recently, Shanghai convenes " China studies person and the Shanghai of 21 century develop international seminar ", 100 American persons meeting routine trustee and 100 persons meeting cultural chairman association Ms Yangxuelan points out ," culture is the motive power of Shanghai development", " Shanghai has rich and polychrome cultural history, and have opened up the specific passageway of cultural foundation, what Shanghai now is needed is that a overall, strategic plan promotes and promotes its vigorous culture of original creation , so shows Shanghai in the unique location of China and world. "In a book of " urban civility ", Huo Er has criticized this objective case to rein ( Spengler) the decline of Western culture that says ( also include as Mang the criticism of the virtue of good fortune), when after this objective case reins the 80 years of forecast, after Mang the 60 years of the virtue forecast of good fortune, Huo Er is taking the book of me as certificate to hold objection , is always maintaining continued creativity in world big city and last create again, and entire process has no furthest end probably regardless of Western culture or western city has no to decline tiny sign. Central problem is , why city life can self updates , are you more definite to ask that lighting the essence of spark of fiery creation of city is what? We may think deeply the problem that mentions suddenly, but should examine one's self conscience , is disaster true to Chinese architectural cultural tradition to become " disadvantageous culture"? Are you in " dangerous edge"? In the whole world that burns the prairie culture takes off , if this Jue do not shake? Facing the construction of so vigorous China, it is outside that situation grows except absorbing the West, as this Lu Lu accomplish nothing? We must beg Zhu Ji on the contrary.When this, I want to reiterate again a word that has said: " we in globalization process, study absorbs advanced science and technology , should have the consciousness with a kind of conscious culture, the attitude of cultural self-respect and cultural diligent spirit while creating global excellent culture, for homeland culture. "Zong go up state , our urgent needs strengthen the research for Chinese architectural cultural heritage and study person to whole country and whole society is broad to introduce , this is the task of times. The Chinese research of history home for architectural culture does not lose strength to spare, 1940 decade, the beam Mr first work of thinking " Chinese architectural history"; Think in 1960 decade, by Liu Dun Zhen and beam , the persons such as Liu Xiu Feng advocate , have organized the architectural research strength of the whole country at that time , compile " Chinese architectural history", 8 is easy its draft; In 1980 decade, decade turmoil just finishes to begin to compile" Chinese ancient architectural technical history", " China Yi craftsman " also come out; Subsequently," Chinese big encyclopaedia" " building, garden, urban planning " in minute roll, Chinese building is partial with its strict content, brilliance shines person; In recent years, a series of large scale Chinese architectural books editor publication is also flourishing matter. If say 1960 decade" Chinese architectural history" compile is first acting , the second flourishing act that home combines for architectural history, the Cultural Revolution " rear Chinese ancient architectural technology Shi " is the accomplishment of second generation, so in last few years only second acting architectural Shi Jia Li composes to come out in succession, a series of China constructs the publication of new books, as" Chinese national building" , " the Chinese history of architectural art", as well as " ancient builds garden technology " magazine, youth history home rises up. Should say that Chinese ancient architectural research passes the 3 efforts of generation already Wei is grand sight, contribution is distinguished, situation is gratifying.But from reality, ask to see that already some work can not still meet times needs. Normally, discuss architectural culture , construct theory often to construct , arrange and record history or only from form and the theory buildings such as skill France, should say this respect have success and maturation with great efforts with developing make, this is a aspect. Construct today face new development with city business situation, we suitable Hu with more wide field of vision, treat architectural and city cultural problem. Pass , I not Can is mean, in the aspect of architectural and city culture, have made some comments, if for the city cultural, region cultural architecture of region advocate , in architectural creation, raise the theoretical elaborations such as cultural intension, this place has no longer repeated , now develops according to economy and urbanization , as well as is prosperous to construct market , makes some new explorations with city cultural development for building.One , stress on region culture,Culture has region, Chinese city growth in specific region, or say that is in the feed of different region culture. Recovering recover , is many to engage in archaeological studies to excavate accomplishment proof, historical far back Chinese culture actually is various assemble fall down to inlay , if whole China, may also weigh inferior culture inlay ( mosaic of subculture), as river Mu ferry culture , good Zhu Ba Yu and the first cultural, 3 star pile cultures in cultural, dragon mountain culture and 2 culture, region cultural excavation is continuous and unceasing. Region culture is that people live under specific geography environmental and historical condition, the result of generation cultivation operation, creation and development. The water and soil of one side raise the person of one side, feed and form distinctive region culture; Have the region culture of characteristic each to blend mutually , interact , common combination outstanding Cai the kaleidoscope type view of the gorgeous space of Chinese culture.Have made the plenty of in the aspect of general history and dynastic history if saying Chinese ancient architectural history research , start sexual work, correspondingly, in the aspect of region cultural research, it is insufficient , even have go through is short of latitude( region culture is not that nobody does , but scattering disequilibrium). For years, I advocates the architecture of region, its theory and practice can not have no foundation of region cultural research , are water without a source otherwise , have no the wood of book. This time goes to Tibet is deeply for the culture of region discover again, 80 very ashamed old sides are first to peep treasure-house , meet to hate the wide deep, simple and honest nation of culture of late, Tibet territory , really give me with maximum education, also firm me is for the responsibility of region cultural research with confidence.Predecessors cloud" will have fragrant grass in ten steps", region culture remains us to excavate , is studied and brightened , certainly here, the region architectural cultural intension of finger is relatively extensive , is from building to city , is from artificial architectural culture to scenery culture , is from writing form to the comprehensive content of ecology. For instance, the scenery culture of China has got not hold in store , the well-known mountain culture of China based on the aesthetic spirit of different philosophic theory, and it does not have universe with traditional poem in the America of artistic conception in drawing, after we glance over for western garden and land in scene field, take off Chinese garden scenery again a art and skill, when realizing big universe more, it is beautiful.What must explain additionally is that the very region culture is a pool running water, instead of is immutable. Have scholar Wei global culture for " miscellaneous suit " culture( Hybridization), the very region culture also has the nature " it is miscellaneous to suit ", can not simple understanding is pure and pure, along with the development of times, region culture will also develop change; On the other hand, along with the sediment of homeland culture, it again when the creation of new form in and form performance certain influence. These belong to relatively special problem , this place seldom states.( 2) go up fromChinese architectural cultural research values historical facts always, this is the former virtuous tradition that reserves one that gives us very well, but theoretical achievement must want to catch up with. For constructing the research of cultural heritage, will excavate " its justice reason ", for today still not loss of gloss Cai some basic principle, as simple idea of continued development and environmental ethics thought, " Xi thing " wait for the beneficial idea of resource conservation. From classical architectural crowd, we may summarize architectural program Zhuo long artistic law, in world-famous the Potala Palace, obey to treat the 3 hall halls of first year , again endure afterwards is not at the same time acting and intermittent to add to build, from it, may comprehend the law that architectural crowd increase progressively ( growth development) and from organization phenomenon.In theoretical research, a aspect that cannot neglect is for the research of the Chinese architectural culture of modern times. China the very modern age in is with west , is new and is old, successful and failure and innovation and conservative blend period, from my architect the body and the works of historical classics, may also find out the locus of times development. Before, writing has been stated and " sea style culture" is regular( architectural part), here, is filled with tradition and innovation, collision and combination , is theoretical and perplexed with contradiction, also have Chinese and Western to join jade " stone Ku-Men" architectural practice, it explores , still do not have no inspiration for today. Therefore in other words, throw but is modern times and historical , architectural and city theoretical research is also not complete.For theoretical research, we are necessary to strengthen " Xi study " with" middle school" foundation. I have introduced the famous remark of kingdom Mr Wei repeatedly: " Chinese and Western study , it is all and flourishing greatly, decline is all to decline. General mood is opened , is promoted mutually. And hold the lifetime of today, exquisite today study , it is out of fashion to have no west to study and middle school can develop person, it is out of fashion to also have no middle school west studies can develop person. " it is lain in that current Chinese architect is in disadvantageous, a very important reason in international contest" west studies " with " middle school " foundation is insufficient and generous. Compare under," middle school" foundation is particularly weak. For quality, our student is very excellent, I fall do not worry the ability that they absorb for current international architectural achievement, certainly, there need to be correct viewpoint and direction, differentiate the dross of essential part , but at the same time hope more that is good to guide them to want on" middle school" to hit good foundation , will have overallness understanding on science , will reach high extent reached on artistic discipline, on ideological feelings want as Wu earth Wu people has to come from heart is affectionate. Recently, I become trip Tibet, power from the desire for the motherland private tutoring of " treasure ", it arouses my confidence for that motherland cultural treasure studies and excavates further, therefore I also associate the "the Renaissance" of Chinese architectural culture, I underestimate the possible contribution of western architect in China( have for instance arisen "world exposition" in the Shanghai of modern times) inadvertently, but mainstay, have reason to send expectation more we study person, hit foundation talent and enter. Certainly, strengthen " Xi study " it is not to ask everybody to know thoroughly like beam Mr of thinking and Mr child with the foundation " middle school", but we when do research attitude and methodology go up , should also try hard to this direction, link the complicated, seemingly isolated phenomenon in history and reality Zhui is clue, make thing gradually, into system to study relatively that this is to raise cultural discipline, arouse for new thing is sensitive, promote to create Yi the point of the key of craftsman.( 3) trace backTo push research voluntarily relatively, will notice to trace back prototype , discuss normal form to higher extent reached. Architectural historical cultural research is summarized normally frequently in the past, find out prototype( prototype) , and unfold source and course in reason, for instance the development of Chinese various type buildings and the basic type of the Chinese people house of every place source and course , inhabit a region city development as well as the development of form, etc.. Find out prototype and development change is easy to manage its development law, but as architectural and program research, will not only trace back to pass , still face the future , will try theoretical annotation from complicated contemporary social phenomenon especially , and foresee that do not come , not only lie in because we study the purpose of world to explain world , it is more important, transformation world also lies in this for constructing the basic task of cultural discussion. It is historical have preserved with reality a lot of yet till the problem of solution, if current global culture and region cultural relation have not yet been made clear , as research, worker has a kind of view and view always , need not break certainly along with the development of situation to revise , substantiates and perfects , also has possible negation. If continued thorough is studied , is not only a kind of view , may even rise arrive for some normal form( paradigm) build Gou, may make us push theory and practice voluntarily relatively to higher extent reached. This is that we observe foothold and the starting point of thing , may so make our open field of vision , arouses thought, our historical research is discussed gradually for necessity from special history to history, from simple historical, cultural research until attention is realistic, attention is future , and with the field of vision of many subjects, seek focus and growing point , explore " possible future". Actually, there is originality , the square scholar of Chinese and Western of contribution is that so, one step walks to go , reality also asks and forces us is not as this cannot, times are going forward , we will be at any time acting to improve our study.( 4) excavate legacy with aestheticScience and art should be unified on building, the architectural needs of 21 century are scientific to extend , the artistic pursuit and creation that need to entrust also in art are unlimited, writing and the minute of difference in degree are wild to divide , the depth etc. of merit force as soon as comparison shows immediately. If we under consideration can combine architectural and city design creative practice, with aesthetic consciousness, come to excavate its useful subject , borrow problem to play , when can another Bi path, to enrich its cultural intension.For instance, we when Shandong song Fu in hole the design creation of son research institute, for such establishment when special place - hole the building of the special function of son hometown with research and performance Ru study the building with culture of content, it must be that a modern building stands in the town of this culture, at the same time since when have peculiar cultural intension, really when for hole son at the same time the architectural culture of acting D war country times, and the development for the building of Chinese academy of classical learning evolution and shape system, after carrying out a discussion, from architectural composition, overall layout and indoor outside image, including decorating veins shape etc. have made certain exploration , select its inner "meaning"( meaning) , and give modern vivid expression , create " a kind of happy sense of Holy Land "( sacred space), therefore entire design can be developed own school , is known as the modern landmark building of this city.Such a elephant Chinese historical long country may borrow the city of how problem plays to make an issue besides placing in historical section and the historical well-known city of protective register , section nearly place is all, see that you create because of borrowing. Have got rich history, geography and cultural knowledge, as if suddenly raw mental discernment, mountain is still that mountain, water is still that water, but have got Li , Du Ti Yun, eastern slope notes swims , immediately brilliance shines person, " fall down to colored running water all article ", have gushed infinite imagination, making architect and program teacher make reason with the hook stroke of raw flower the big piece article melted simultaneously.( 5) propulsionThe pioneer person of Chinese ancient architectural research thinks etc. as beam when is engaged in historical research at the same time, pay attention to the protection of historical relic to work ( repair , recover to design so that historical well-known city protection, rescue waits soon because of city development by the historical relic demolished), argue strongly , make plenty of works , and have formed relatively systematic ideological theoretical system. Reforming and opening up afterwards, writing the condition of protecting work occurs great change, construction scale changes big, content changes many, time is urgent, protecting program work follows normally not go up, and because of various investors, the intervention of former way curtain backstage and not perfect, this working complexity of legal system grow increasingly , destroy the behavior ebb and flow of historical relic , are nearly smelt on day, the protection of historical relic working exception is hard, results are different. Current objective condition is asked to must drive forward and open up the protection of historical relic actively to work , includes enlarging to protect working content( is from ancient architectural garden to city, go to natural landscape from artificial building), research accords with reality for operating protective measure( for instance properly recycling etc.); Strive for more professional worker cooperation; Each stratum warmhearted personage of absorption society participates , arouses attention and the knowledge of whole society, so that strive for policymaker sustain justly, force rolls up current disorderly situation. In these all works, in view of professional duty and for the historical consideration with responsible future generations, the academic circle man of insight of historical relic is excavating historical facts , refers to international successful experience and theoretical, close and program worker combination , jumps into reality , puts forward the aspects such as practical measure, being when kernel does not be let , is duty-bound.Times are going forward , the goal that we pursue must develop constantly therewith to high place, difficulty lies in that the very goal in this move need to be sought constantly, it is self-appointed to can not walk firmly, academic thought total when tramp. Culture is and enter , positive attention the raising of Chinese architectural culture necessity will mention our agenda, the climax of Chinese architectural and cultural research will inevitably come , we want quickly since start with in many ways. China constructs research, need to scan widely world, will arouse with eastern ideological moral and aesthetics extent reached always new creation, Chang build Chinese school, and remit in world architectural cultural mighty torrent , cannot set bounds in the future , is hard to be in charge of to peep , will have the mind of " the sea modern person of great waves " to open up to keep forging ahead , is natural , must still know soberly that road is long, in Kui step 1000, we are necessary and hard with great efforts.